Amazon also invests in own hardware and silicon -- the Inferentia and Trainium chips for example.

But I am not sure how AWS and Google Cloud match up in terms of making this verticial integration work for their competitive advantage.

Any insight there - would be curious to read up on.

I guess Microsoft for that matter also has been investing -- we heard about the latest quantum breakthrough that was reported as creating a fundamenatally new physical state of matter. Not sure if they also have some traction with GPUs and others with more immediate applications.