What I find hard to imagine is how the app should respond when synchronisation fails after locally committing a bunch of transactions.
Dropping them all is technically consistent but it may be unsafe depending on the circumstances. E.g. a doc records an urgent referral but then the tx fails because admin staff has concurrently updated the patient's phone number or whatever. Automatically replaying is unsafe because consistency cannot be guaranteed.
Manual merging may be the only safe option in many cases. But how can the app reconstitute the context of those failed transactions so that users can review and revise? At the very least it would need access to a transaction ID that can be linked back to a user level entity, task or workflow. I don't think SQLite surfaces transaction IDs. So this would have to be provided by the Graft API I guess.
What I find hard to imagine is how the app should respond when synchronisation fails after locally committing a bunch of transactions... Manual merging may be the only safe option in many cases.
Yeah, exactly right. This is why CRDTs are popular: they give you well-defined semantics for automatic conflict resolution, and save you from having to implement all that stuff from scratch yourself.
The author writes that CRDTs "don’t generalize to arbitrary data." This is true, and sometimes it may be easier to your own custom app-specific conflict resolution logic than massaging your data to fit within preexisting CRDTs, but doing that is extremely tricky to get right.
It seems like the implied tradeoff being made by Graft is "you can just keep using the same data formats you're already using, and everything just works!" But the real tradeoff is that you're going to have to write a lot of tricky, error-prone conflict resolution logic. There's no such thing as a free lunch, unfortunately.
The problem I have with CRDTs is that while being conflict-free in a technical sense they don't allow me to express application level constraints.
E.g, how do you make sure that a hotel room cannot be booked by more than one person at a time or at least flag this situation as a constraint violation that needs manual intervention?
It's really hard to get anywhere close to the universal usefulness and simplicity of centralised transactions.
"How do you make sure that a hotel room cannot be booked by more than one person at a time" Excellent question! You don't. Instead, assuming a globally consistent transaction ordering, eg Spanner's TrueTime, but any uuid scheme suffices, it becomes a tradeoff between reconciliation latency and perceived unreliability. A room may be booked by several persons at a time, but eventually only one of them will win the reconciliation process.
A: T.uuid3712[X] = reserve X
...
B: T.uuid6214[X] = reserve X // eventually loses to A because of uuid ordering
...
A<-T.uuid6214[X]: discard T.uuid6214[X]
...
B<-T.uuid3712[X]: discard T.uuid6214[X], B.notify(cancel T.uuid6214[X])
-----
A wins, B discards
Yeah, this is a limitation, but generally if you have hard constraints like that to maintain, then yeah you probably should be using some sort of centralized transactional system to avoid e.g. booking the same hotel room to multiple people in the first place. Even with perfect conflict resolution, you don't want to tell someone their booking is confirmed and then later have to say "oh, sorry, never mind, somebody else booked that room and we just didn't check to verify that at the time."
But this isn't a problem specific to CRDTs, it's a limitation with any database that favors availability over consistency. And there are use cases that don't require these kinds of constraints where these limitations are more manageable.
I agree, hotel booking is not a great example.
I think CRDTs would be applicable to a wider range of applications if it was possible to specify soft constraints.
So after merging your changes you can query the CRDT for a list of constraint violations that need to be resolved.