Plus there are other advantages that I always say should never be discounted, such as desktop integration, that you get when you can replace the toolkit (dynamic) libraries rather than just "running everything in a VM". Running everything in a VM is a poor excuse for backwards compatibility.

Old DOS games are often sold (e.g. on GOG or Steam) with an installer and a full copy of DOSBox, so you get an entire operating system plus hardware emulator to run the game. Looks like this adds less than 10 MB to each game installed in Windows.

How should a microkernel run (WASI) WASM runtimes?

Docker can run WASM runtimes, but I don't think podman or nerdctl can yet.

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=38779803 :

  docker run \
    --runtime=io.containerd.wasmedge.v1 \
    --platform=wasi/wasm \
    secondstate/rust-example-hello

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41306658 :

> ostree native containers are bootable host images that can also be built and signed with a SLSA provenance attestation; https://coreos.github.io/rpm-ostree/container/ :

  rpm-ostree rebase ostree-image-signed:registry:<oci image>
  rpm-ostree rebase ostree-image-signed:docker://<oci image>

Native containers run on the host and can host normal containers if a container engine is installed. Compared to an electron runtime, IDK how minimal a native container with systemd and podman, and WASM runtimes, and portable GUI rendering libraries could be.

CoreOS - which was for creating minimal host images that host containers - is now Fedora Atomic is now Fedora Atomic Desktops and rpm-ostree. Silverblue, Kinoite, Sericea; and Bazzite and Secure Blue.

Secureblue has a hardened_malloc implementation.

From https://jangafx.com/insights/linux-binary-compatibility :

> To handle this correctly, each libc version would need a way to enumerate files across all other libc instances, including dynamically loaded ones, ensuring that every file is visited exactly once without forming cycles. This enumeration must also be thread-safe. Additionally, while enumeration is in progress, another libc could be dynamically loaded (e.g., via dlopen) on a separate thread, or a new file could be opened (e.g., a global constructor in a dynamically loaded library calling fopen).

FWIU, ROP Return-Oriented Programming and Gadgets approaches have implementations of things like dynamic header discovery of static and dynamic libraries at runtime; to compile more at runtime (which isn't safe, though: nothing reverifies what's mutated after loading the PE into process space, after NX tagging or not, before and after secure enclaves and LD_PRELOAD (which some go binaries don't respect, for example).

Can a microkernel do eBPF?

What about a RISC machine for WASM and WASI?

"Customasm – An assembler for custom, user-defined instruction sets" (2024) https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42717357

Maybe that would shrink some of these flatpaks which ship their own Electron runtimes instead of like the Gnome and KDE shared runtimes.

Python's manylinux project specifies a number of libc versions that manylinux packages portably target.

Manylinux requires a tool called auditwheel for Linux, delicate for MacOS, and delvewheel for windows;

Auditwheel > Overview: https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel#overview :

> auditwheel is a command line tool to facilitate the creation of Python wheel packages for Linux (containing pre-compiled binary extensions) that are compatible with a wide variety of Linux distributions, consistent with the PEP 600 manylinux_x_y, PEP 513 manylinux1, PEP 571 manylinux2010 and PEP 599 manylinux2014 platform tags.

> auditwheel show: shows external shared libraries that the wheel depends on (beyond the libraries included in the manylinux policies), and checks the extension modules for the use of versioned symbols that exceed the manylinux ABI.

> auditwheel repair: copies these external shared libraries into the wheel itself, and automatically modifies the appropriate RPATH entries such that these libraries will be picked up at runtime. This accomplishes a similar result as if the libraries had been statically linked without requiring changes to the build system. Packagers are advised that bundling, like static linking, may implicate copyright concerns

github/choosealicense.com: https://github.com/github/choosealicense.com

From https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42347468 :

> A manylinux_x_y wheel requires glibc>=x.y. A musllinux_x_y wheel requires musl libc>=x.y; per PEP 600

All since ~mid 2005. Unfortunately a tarball I've been looking for was added before then, but replaced before a release was cut (so it's also missing from those archives).