But they do look at bones and near-bone tissues, which can still have variance based on ethnicity and gender. For a really brute-force example, just think about how we use the shape of the pelvis and some other bones to identify the gender of skeletal remains of a person. If you had a data set of pelvic xrays that only included males, your data set would imply that female pelvic bones are massively malformed despite being perfectly normal for that gender.

This is the whole point of the article. Did you read it? Does the whole thing fail your sniff test?

Their results seem solid, and clear, to me.

Breast density affects the imaging you get from x-rays. It is well-known that denser breast tissue results in x-rays that are "whiter" (I'm talking about the image of the tissue, in white, on a black background, as x-rays are commonly read by radiologists). Denser breasts are associated with less effective screening for breast cancer via mammogram. A mammogram is a low-dose x-ray.

When using a chest x-ray to look for pulmonary edema, for instance, I would be unsurprised if breast tissue (of any quantity) and in particular denser breast tissue would make the diagnosis of pulmonary edema more difficult from the image alone.

Also, you seem to have conflated a few things in your second sentence. Deep in the article, they did have radiologists try to guess demographic attributes by looking at the x-ray images. They were pretty good at guessing female/male (unsurprising) and were not really able to guess age or race. So I'm super interested in how the AI model was able to be better at that than the human radiologists.

There can be differences which statistical models pick up which we humans don’t.

For example, a couple years ago there was a statistical model made which could fairly accurately predict (iirc >80%) the gender of a person based on a picture of their iris. At the time we didn’t know there was a visible iris difference between genders, but a statistical model found one.

That’s kind of the whole point of statistical classification models. Feed in a ton of data and the model will discover the differentiating features.

Put another way, If we knew all the possible differences between someone with cancer and without, we wouldn’t need statistical models at all, we could just automate the diagnosis.

We don’t know the indicators that we don’t know, so we don’t know if some possible indicators show up or don’t show up in a given group of people.

That is the danger of wholly relying on statistical models.

What groups have the financial means to get chest x-rays, and what groups do not? What historical events could create the circumstances where different groups have different health outcomes?

Yes.

Cancer progresses differently depending on ethnicity and sex. As does treatment and likelihood of receiving treatment at early stages.

Black women experience worse outcomes and are diagnosed with more severe forms of breast cancer than white women.

Cancer is not just one disease. Its progression will vary depending on type. If the AI is trained on only some strains of cancer, eg those traditionally found in white women in early detection scenarios, it might not generalize to other cancer types.

So yes, to your genuine question, medical imaging of cancer can vary depending on ethnicity because different cancers can vary between genetic backgrounds. Ideally there would be sufficient training data across the populations, but there isn't because of historical race bias. (Among other reasons.)