What I find fascinating is that, after 300 years, Newton's core idea still underpins so much of modern optimization
Please check this excellent video describing and explaining on 200 years of logic, optimization and constraint programming since the pioneering work of George Boole [1].
Towards the end of the video you can also see Donald Knuth asking questions on the presentation.
[1] Logic, Optimization, and Constraint Programming: A Fruitful Collaboration (2023) [video]: