I think the words' metaphorical meanings don't help much unless you already know what they mean. If you heard the word "sharding" for the first time and all you knew was that it had something to do with computers, I think you'd have a hard time guessing that it means "partitioning rows of a database across multiple servers to reduce load".
Sure there’s a Spanish word for shard though?
According to Google, shard directly translates to el casco - helmet, shell, hoof, hulk, body, shard
But in English in this context I read it more like shard of glass, which Google translates as fragmento de vidrio