I can see why some people might be concerned about the camera, but I'm far more concerned by the microphone. There's far more sensitive and actionable information that can be gathered from me that way! I'm glad that macOS started putting a light in the menubar when the microphone is in use, but I'd prefer to have unhackable hardware for that instead.
I believe it is possible to turn a speaker into a microphone. Found a paper which claims to do just that[0]. So, there is no safety anywhere?
SPEAKE(a)R: Turn Speakers to Microphones for Fun and Profit
It is possible to manipulate the headphones (or earphones) connected to a computer, silently turning them into a pair of eavesdropping microphones - with software alone. The same is also true for some types of loudspeakers. This paper focuses on this threat in a cyber-security context. We present SPEAKE(a)R, a software that can covertly turn the headphones connected to a PC into a microphone. We present technical background and explain why most of PCs and laptops are susceptible to this type of attack. We examine an attack scenario in which malware can use a computer as an eavesdropping device, even when a microphone is not present, muted, taped, or turned off. We measure the signal quality and the effective distance, and survey the defensive countermeasures.
This only works on audio chipsets that allow pin retasking. Which is, coincidentally, all Realtek chipsets that are present in every PC...
(you also need to plug the speaker directly, mostly limiting it to headphones and laptop speakers)
Even where it works, speakers are much worse microphones that dedicated microphones, and so the amount of data that can be gathered is low. Why bother when you probably have a microphone on the same PC that can capture far more sound?
I think there was a long period where a proper PC would frequently have only the cheap stereo speakers which are small enough to far outperform raw microphone leads. But I'm not sure this works that well in >=HDMI even if some monitor speakers might otherwise be ideal.
I recall in the early or mid 2000s using some cheap earbuds plugged into the microphone port of my family computer as a pair of microphones in lieu of having a real microphone nor the money for one. Then I used Audacity to turn the terrible recording into a passable sound effect for the video games I was making.
Not knowing much about how soundcards work, I imagine it would be feasible to flash some soundcards with custom firmware to use the speaker port for input without the user knowing.
This is common at nightclubs (or was) - a DJ can use their headphones as a microphone, speaking into one channel and listening to another
Example https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1NNP6AFkpjs
:-)
Despite this being a 2016 paper, it's worth noting that this is true in general and has been common(ish) knowledge among electrical engineers for decades. Highschoolers and undergrads in electrical engineering classes often discover this independently.
What's notable about this paper is only that they demonstrate it as a practical attack, rather than just a neat fun fact of audio engineering.
As a fun fact, an LED can also be used as a photometer. (You can verify this with just a multimeter, an LED, and a light source.) But I doubt there's any practical attack using a monitor as a photosensor.
and has been common(ish) knowledge among electrical engineers for decades.
Not only is it common knowledge it's how drive-thru kiosks work!
Source: I used to test microphone/speakers for a kiosk OEM.
Yes! LEDs as photometers is something that you don't really see around much anymore, but it is really cool. Even an LED matrix can be used as a self-illuminating proximity sensor with the right setup.
Yup it's wild to me how much anxiety there is about cameras while no mind is given to microphones. Conversations are much more privileged than potentially seeing me in my underwear.
That said the most sensitive information is what we already willingly transmit: search queries, interactions, etc. We feed these systems with so much data that they arguably learn things about us that we're not even consciously aware of.
Covering your camera with tape seems like a totally backwards assessment of privacy risk.
The microphone also can't be covered with a $1 plastic camera cover off Amazon. It's so easy to solve the camera issue if you care about it, but there's really nothing you can do about the mic.
FWIW, modern Macbooks also hardware disable the mic when the lid is closed.
https://support.apple.com/en-ca/guide/security/secbbd20b00b/...
How is that true? I use my macbook mic occasionally with the lid closed, and an external monitor.
Plus one-ing this - I think the external monitor may be the kicker to keeping the mic active. This drives me up the wall when Google Meet decides to just default to the closed Macbook next to me instead of my already connected Air Pods when joining work meetings.
Are you sure it’s the MacBook (T2 or Arm) mic? I imagine you’d sound super muffled if you were trying to use it while closed anyway, so I can’t imagine it’s very usable to yourself?
I just tested this with Voice Memo and can confirm it works at least in that scenario. The recording didn't stop, the mic was just disconnected then reconnected when lid was opened. Using Amphetamine w/ script installed on M1.
Just to point it out, but there’s a native terminal command `caffeinate` that does the same as Amphetamine.
I use the -disu flags
How will microphone access be monetized?
For video, it is extortion. For microphone, it's much harder.
Record, produce transcript, look for keywords, alert the puppeteer when something interesting is picked up - trade secrets, pre-shared keys, defense sector intelligence, etc.
Miclocks are a thing, or any chopped 3.5mm 3 prong plug should do the trick
https://mic-lock.com/products/copy-of-mic-lock-3-5mm-metalli...
This still doesn't stop a program from switching the input from external back to the internal mics though afaik
I'm not sure if an attacker could get some additional sensitive information from me with access to the microphone or the camera, if they already have full access to my PC (files, screen captures, keylogger). Most things they would be interested in is already there.
Hardware switch in line with the microphone. Can’t be turned on behind my back.
Wireless noise-cancelling headphones. Oh no, the microphone is back through bluetooth.
If you're half-serious about this sort of opsec, you already have bluetooth disabled. Ideally your hardware wouldn't have support for it at all. Same for wifi.
Soldering iron to the rescue. Locate the microphone and unsolder it.
I haven't seen any microphone integrated in the processor.
Yet
M2 and newer MacBooks have an IMU on-board, which is just a funny way of spelling microphone. Admittedly a very low quality one; I'm not sure if you could pick up understandable speech at the 1.6kHz sample rate Bosch's IMUs seem to support.
> M2 and newer MacBooks have an IMU on-board, which is just a funny way of spelling microphone. Admittedly a very low quality one; I'm not sure if you could pick up understandable speech at the 1.6kHz sample rate Bosch's IMUs seem to support.
Are there examples of using IMUs to get audio data you could point to? A quick search didn't reveal anything.
Going into full paranoid mode, I wonder if some other sensors / components can be used as a makeshift microphone. For instance, a sufficiently accurate accelerometer can pick up vibrations, right? Maybe even the laser in a CD drive? Anything else?
A condenser microphone is just a capacitor. Your computer is full of them.
They are very low level input and generally need a pre-amp just to get the signal outside the microphone. However conceptually at least they are there and so maybe someone can get it to work.
Well it doesn’t need to be visible to work in contrast to camera. Seriously though, no technological and almost no economic barrier preventing embedding a mic into every wireless communication chip.
Sure, but that requires the manufacturer to be intending to spy, in contrast to someone compromising after the fact.
macOS is a proprietary binary blob, remotely controlled by Apple. So, the light in the menu bar is not a reliable indicator of anything. There is no privacy on macOS, nor any other proprietary system. You can never be 100% sure what the system is doing right now, as can be anything it is capable of. Apple is putting a lot of money to "teach people" otherwise, but that is marketing, not truth.
> There is no privacy on macOS, nor any other proprietary system.
Nor is there on any free system for which you didn't make every hardware component yourself, as well as audit the executable of the compiler with which you compiled every executable. (You did self-compile everything, hopefully?)
> Nor is there on any free system for which you didn't make every hardware component yourself, as well as audit the executable of the compiler with which you compiled every executable.
If the components follow standards and have multiple independent implementations, you can be reasonable confident it's not backdoored in ways that would require cooperation across the stack. At least you raise the cost bar a lot. Whereas for a vertically integrated system, made by a company headquartered in a jurisdiction with a national security law that permits them to force companies to secretly compromise themselves, the cost of compromise is so low that it would be crazy to think it hasn't been done.
> You did self-compile everything, hopefully?
Including the compiler, of course.
The root of all trust is eventually some human, or group of humans. See "Reflections on Trusting Trust." At least so far, Apple has convinced me that they are both willing and competent enough to maintain that trust.
Myself, I stopped trusting Apple. There are now too many dark patterns in their software, especially once one stops using their services. And, DRM was re-instantiated, when iTunes started streaming as Apple Music. On top of that, their lies, such as those about the Butterfly keyboards being fixed, cost me a fortune. They fuck up the keyboard design, and then they buy the computer back for 40% of its original price, due to a microscopic scratch nobody else could see. And that happened twice to me. They put a lot of money into advertising themselves as being ethical, but that is only marketing. These, of course, are my personal opinions.
> DRM was re-instantiated, when iTunes started streaming as Apple Music
Purchased music is DRM free. Streaming music was never DRM free, since you arguably do not "own" music that you have not purchased. Though I'm sure record labels would love if they could get DRM back on purchased music again.
I get it, free software take, nothing new.
But this is a pretty extremist take. Just because a company doesn't push source code and you can't deterministically have 100% certainty, doesn't mean you can't make any assertions about the software.
To refuse to make any claims about software without source is as principled as it is lazy.
Imagine an engineer brought to a worksite, and they don't have blueprints, can he do no work at all? Ok, good for you, but there's engineers that can.
Yes, I think all devices packed with sensors that live in our homes should be transparent in what they do, that is their code should be available for everyone to see. And yes, it is extremist take, given where we ended up today.
It’s even dumber than that because the people that do assurance work don’t rely solely on source even when it’s available.
Reversing the software is table stakes for assurance work already so suggesting source is a requirement just doesn’t match reality.
> There is no privacy on macOS, nor any other proprietary system.
Which is to say, every system in actual widespread use. All such CPUs, GPUs, storage devices, displays, etc. run closed microcode and firmware. It'd be funny if it wasn't so profoundly sad.
And even if they didn't, the silicon design is again, closed. And even if it wasn't closed, it's some fab out somewhere that manufactures it into a product for you. What are you gonna do, buy an electron microscope, etch/blast it layer by layer, and inspect it all the way through? You'll have nothing by the end. The synchrotron option isn't exactly compelling either.
Yes, ultimately, I want everything to be open. This is not a bag of rice. These are devices packed with sensors, in our homes. As for inspection, I do not have a problem trusting others. I just do not trust big corporations with remotely controlled binary blobs, no matter how much money they put into the safety and security ads. This is a personal opinion, of course.
> I just do not trust big corporations with remotely controlled binary blobs
Only outstanding individuals such as Jia Tan.
> As for inspection, I do not have a problem trusting others. I just do not trust big corporations with remotely controlled binary blobs
I'll just highlight this excerpt of your own words for you, and usher you to evaluate whether your position is even internally consistent.
Why do you think my stance is internally inconsistent?
For example, I completely trust Emacs maintainers, as I have yet to see any malice or dark patterns coming from them. The same applies to other free and open source software I use on a daily basis. These projects respect my privacy, have nothing to hide, and I have no problem trusting them.
On the other hand, I see more and more dark patterns coming from Apple, say when signed out of their cloud services. They pour millions into their privacy ads, but I do not trust them to act ethically, especially when money is on the table.
Does this not make sense?
Thinking about it, I might have misunderstood what you wrote a bit. What I read was that you trust people, but then you also don't. That's not really a fair reading of what you wrote.
That being said, I have seen "patterns" with open source software as well, so I'm hesitant to agree on trusting it. But that's a different problem.
I also know how little hardware, microcode and firmware can be trusted, so that doesn't help either.
(not OP) Don't think that is inconsistent.
Trusting someone doing the right thing when you purchase is different from trusting them not tampering things remotely in the future. Companies can change management, human can change their mind. The time factor is important
Hardware can be and is implemented such that it changes behavior over time too, or have undisclosed remote capabilities. There are also fun features where various fuses blow internally if you do specific things the vendor doesn't fancy.
There sure is a difference in threat model, but I don't think the person I was replying to appreciates that, which is kind of what triggered my reply.
Once malware is installed, the proprietary blobs from my hardware vendor are the least of my concerns. Thus my request for hardware.
You can watch network traffic for data leaving the device. Trust but verify.
For something as compressible as voice, I do not know how you would feel confident that data was not slipping through. Edge transcription models (eg Whisper) are continuing to get better, so it would be possible for malware to send a single bit if a user says a trigger word.
Good luck auditing even just a single day of moderately active web browsing.
It's easier than reading all of the code in Ubuntu.
But still entirely impossible. So does it matter?
Network traffic monitoring is routinely done at enterprises. It's usually part-automated using the typical approaches (rules and AI), and part-manual (via a dedicated SOC team).
There are actual compromises caught this way too, it's not (entirely) just for show. A high-profile example would be Kaspersky catching a sophisticated data exfiltration campaign at their own headquarters: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1f6YyH62jFE
So it is definitely possible, just maybe not how you imagine it being done.
I do believe that it sometimes works, but it's effectively like missile defense: Immensely more expensive for the defender than for the attacker.
If the attacker has little to lose (e.g. because they're anonymous, doing this massively against many unsuspecting users etc.), the chance of them eventually succeeding is almost certain.
All cyberdefenses I'm aware of are asymmetric in nature like that, unfortunately.