> Any much older than that need to be checked out-of-circuit for ESR and then capacitance
And that's a very time consuming and somewhat risky operation on an old machine you want to keep running. Some old PCBs are quite fragile.
I wish there was a way to test capacitors without removing them.
You can test ESR in-circuit, with caveats. Here's a good thread from EEVblog [1].
[1] https://www.eevblog.com/forum/beginners/is-there-any-way-to-...